l carnitine function fatty acid transport mitochondria L-Carnitine in l-carnitine fatty acid transport into

healthy controls were amino acid-related whereas enriched pathways in the DCM-NT vs

The primary physiological role of L-Carnitine involves facilitating the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane via the carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) enzyme system

However, HFDs often lead to severe lipid accumulation in the liver and abdominal adipose tissues in farmed fish, and induce metabolic disturbances, such as fatty liver and excess mesenteric fat deposition 12,13

Importantly, proponents of this model argue against the simplistic approach of the carbohydrate-insulin-model neglecting that several variables in the food environment influence energy intake and energy partitioning

AF itself can induce changes in glucose, lipid and ketone metabolism, mitochondrial function and myofibrillar energetics (as part of a process referred to as metabolic remodelling), which can all contribute to atrial dysfunction